{"id":354,"date":"2015-03-10T20:00:09","date_gmt":"2015-03-10T19:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lwibs01.gm.fh-koeln.de\/blogs\/ciop\/?page_id=354"},"modified":"2025-01-20T09:11:11","modified_gmt":"2025-01-20T08:11:11","slug":"slow-feature-analysis-sfa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/research\/slow-feature-analysis-sfa\/","title":{"rendered":"Slow Feature Analysis (SFA)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"lead\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px\"><strong>Slow Feature Analysis (SFA)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Description<\/h2>\n<div class=\"post-bodycopy clearfix\">\n<p style=\"margin: 1em 0px;padding: 0px\"><a style=\"line-height: 20.7999992370605px\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2010\/08\/SFA-TK-V1.0.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"614\" height=\"288\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-357\" style=\"width: 250px;height: 117px;float: right\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2010\/08\/SFA-TK-V1.0.png\" alt=\"SFA-TK-V1.0\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2010\/08\/SFA-TK-V1.0.png 614w, https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2010\/08\/SFA-TK-V1.0-300x141.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>Slow Feature Analysis (SFA) is a technique invented by\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ini.rub.de\/PEOPLE\/wiskott\/\">Laurenz Wiskott<\/a>\u00a0which finds unsupervisedly features in complex timeseries.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.6\">The guidance\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"line-height: 1.6\">principle of SFA is to find such combinations of the original inputs which vary slowly in time. The application areas of SFA range from visual pattern\u00a0recognition over general classification up to\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a style=\"line-height: 20.7999992370605px\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2015\/03\/classVariance.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"505\" height=\"245\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-551\" style=\"width: 250px;height: 121px\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2015\/03\/classVariance.png\" alt=\"classVariance\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2015\/03\/classVariance.png 505w, https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2015\/03\/classVariance-300x146.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/><\/a><a style=\"line-height: 20.7999992370605px\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/files\/2015\/03\/classVariance.png\">unsupervised driving force detection in time series.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 1em 0px;padding: 0px\">Within the project SFA @ CIOP (as part of the SOMA project), we have currently the following achievements:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\n<li>We used SFA for the first time for\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/research\/gesture-recognition\/\">gesture recognition<\/a>\u00a0[Koch10a] and achieved results comparable to other state-of-the-art gesture\u00a0classifiers.<\/li>\n<li>In order to do so, we expanded the original open-source, MATLAB-based SFA-Toolkit (<a title=\"SFA-TK V1.0\" href=\"http:\/\/people.brandeis.edu\/~berkes\/software\/sfa-tk\/\">sfa-tk V1.0<\/a>) by Pietro Berkes to a new version\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/downloads\/\">sfa-tk V2.6<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0which is\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/downloads\/\">available for download<\/a>. The extensions of V2.6 are:\u00a0 more robust SVD-based SFA (see [Kon09b] for details), support for classification, support for cross validation, Gaussian classifier, some classification demos and sample data (UCI, gesture).<\/li>\n<li>If the number of training samples is small, the original SFA classification algorithm will fail. We extended the SFA classification algorithm of\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/people.brandeis.edu\/~berkes\/software\/sfa-tk\/\">Pietro Berkes<\/a>\u00a0by a parametric bootstrap algorithm which makes SFA classification applicable for small numbers of examples. This extension is available in\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/downloads\/\">sfa-tk V2.8<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>for download.<\/li>\n<li>In a driving-force experiment we showed that SFA can detect signals slower than the driving force and that SFA may \u2018switch concepts\u2019 in a certain way which has some parallels to human perception [Kon09a][KonK10a][KonK10b].<\/li>\n<li>In 2012 a group of students around Martin Zaefferer successfully ported\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/downloads\/\">sfa-tk V2.8<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0<a title=\"R project\" href=\"http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">R<\/a>: The <a href=\"http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/rSFA\/index.html\">R-package\u00a0rSFA<\/a> is\u00a0 available for download\u00a0on CRAN. This allows to use SFA for unsupervised feature generation in data mining tasks and to integrate it as a general preprocessing tool in the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/research\/soma\/\">SOMA<\/a>\u00a0project and the\u00a0<a title=\"Tuned Data Mining in R\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/research\/tuned-data-mining\/\">TDMR<\/a>\u00a0framework.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin: 1em 0px;padding: 0px\">In the near future, we plan to pursue these further goals with SFA @ CIOP:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\n<li>Improve gesture classification for the difficult task of recognizing gestures of unseen persons and towards even fewer training examples to learn new gestures.<\/li>\n<li>Currently students are working on porting the MATLAB-based SFA-toolkit and the gesture recognition engine to the iPhone environment to make the gesture recognition available as iPhone App.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;padding-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px\">People<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 1em 0px;padding: 0px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/about\/people-2\/#WolfgangKonen\">Wolfgang Konen<\/a>, Kristine Hein, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/about\/people-2\/\">Patrick Koch<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;padding-top: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px\">Publications<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 1em 0px;padding: 0px\"><span style=\"line-height: 16.6399993896484px\"><div class=\"teachpress_pub_list\"><form name=\"tppublistform\" method=\"get\"><a name=\"tppubs\" id=\"tppubs\"><\/a><\/form><div class=\"teachpress_publication_list\"><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2011\">2011<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_techreport\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Konen, Wolfgang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('40','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Der SFA-Algorithmus f\u00fcr Klassifikation<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  techreport\">Forschungsbericht<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_institution\">Research Center CIOP (Computational Intelligence, Optimization and Data Mining) <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_address\">Cologne University of Applied Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Science, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">Nr. 08\/11, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>, <span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issn\">ISSN: 2191-365X<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_40\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('40','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_40\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('40','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_40\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@techreport{Kone11e,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Der SFA-Algorithmus f\u00fcr Klassifikation},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Wolfgang Konen},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Konen11e.d\/Konen11e.pdf},<br \/>\r\nissn = {2191-365X},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {08\/11},<br \/>\r\naddress = {Cologne University of Applied Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Science},<br \/>\r\ninstitution = {Research Center CIOP (Computational Intelligence, Optimization and Data Mining)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {techreport}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('40','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_40\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Konen11e.d\/Konen11e.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Konen11e.d\/Konen11e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Konen11e.d\/Konen11e.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('40','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_techreport\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Konen, Wolfgang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('289','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">SFA classification with few training data: Improvements with parametric bootstrap<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  techreport\">Forschungsbericht<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_institution\">Research Center CIOP (Computational Intelligence, Optimization and Data Mining) <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_address\">Cologne University of Applied Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Science, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">Nr. 09\/11, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>, <span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issn\">ISSN: 2191-365X<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_289\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('289','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_289\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('289','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_289\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@techreport{Kone11fb,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {SFA classification with few training data: Improvements with parametric bootstrap},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Wolfgang Konen},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Konen11f.d\/Konen11f.pdf},<br \/>\r\nissn = {2191-365X},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {09\/11},<br \/>\r\naddress = {Cologne University of Applied Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Science},<br \/>\r\ninstitution = {Research Center CIOP (Computational Intelligence, Optimization and Data Mining)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {techreport}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('289','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_289\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Konen11f.d\/Konen11f.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Konen11f.d\/Konen11f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Konen11f.d\/Konen11f.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('289','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_article\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Konen, Wolfgang;  Koch, Patrick<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">The slowness principle: SFA can detect different slow components in nonstationary time series<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  article\">Artikel<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_journal\">International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications (IJICA), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_volume\">Bd. 3, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">Nr. 1, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_pages\">S. 3\u201310, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2011<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_300\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_300\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_300\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@article{KonK10bb,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {The slowness principle: SFA can detect different slow components in nonstationary time series},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Wolfgang Konen and Patrick Koch},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/IJICA2010-howslow.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2011},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2011-01-01},<br \/>\r\njournal = {International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications (IJICA)},<br \/>\r\nvolume = {3},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {1},<br \/>\r\npages = {3--10},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {article}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_300\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/IJICA2010-howslow.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/IJICA2010-howslow.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/IJICA2010-howslow.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('300','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2010\">2010<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Koch, Patrick;  Konen, Wolfgang;  Hein, Kristine<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('33','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Gesture Recognition on Few Training Data using Slow Feature Analysis and Parametric Bootstrap<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_33\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('33','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_33\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('33','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_33\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{Koch10a,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Gesture Recognition on Few Training Data using Slow Feature Analysis and Parametric Bootstrap},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Patrick Koch and Wolfgang Konen and Kristine Hein},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/WCCI-10_wii-gesture.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('33','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_33\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/WCCI-10_wii-gesture.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/WCCI-10_wii-gesture.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/WCCI-10_wii-gesture.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('33','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_techreport\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Hein, Kristine<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('277','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Gestenerkennung mit Slow Feature Analysis (SFA) - Klassifizierung von beschleunigungsbasierten 3\u0110-Gesten des Wii-Controllers<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  techreport\">Forschungsbericht<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_institution\">FH K\u00f6ln <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_277\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('277','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_277\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('277','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_277\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@techreport{Hein10b,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Gestenerkennung mit Slow Feature Analysis (SFA) - Klassifizierung von beschleunigungsbasierten 3\u0110-Gesten des Wii-Controllers},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Kristine Hein},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/research\/PaperPDF\/MA-KristineHein-2010.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\ninstitution = {FH K\u00f6ln},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {techreport}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('277','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_277\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/research\/PaperPDF\/MA-KristineHein-2010.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/research\/PaperPDF\/MA-KristineHein-2010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/research\/PaperPDF\/MA-KristineHein-2010.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('277','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_inproceedings\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Konen, Wolfgang;  Koch, Patrick<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('297','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">How slow is slow? SFA detects signals that are slower than the driving force<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  inproceedings\">Proceedings Article<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_in\">In: <\/span> Filipic, B.;  Silc, J. (Hrsg.): <span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Bioinspired Optimization Methods and their Applications, BIOMA, Ljubljana, Slovenia, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_297\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('297','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_297\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('297','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_297\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@inproceedings{KonK10ab,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {How slow is slow? SFA detects signals that are slower than the driving force},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Wolfgang Konen and Patrick Koch},<br \/>\r\neditor = {B. Filipic and J. Silc},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/BIOMA10-howslow.pdf},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Bioinspired Optimization Methods and their Applications, BIOMA, Ljubljana, Slovenia},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {inproceedings}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('297','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_297\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/BIOMA10-howslow.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/BIOMA10-howslow.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.gm.fh-koeln.de\/~konen\/Publikationen\/BIOMA10-howslow.pdf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('297','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_techreport\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Hein, Kristine<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('278','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Lernende Klassifikation beschleunigungsbasierter 3D-Gesten des Wii-Controllers<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  techreport\">Forschungsbericht<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_institution\">Research Center CIOP (Computational Intelligence, Optimization and Data Mining) <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_address\">Cologne University of Applied Science, Faculty of Computer Scienc and Engineering Science, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">Nr. 01-10, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2010<\/span>, <span class=\"tp_pub_additional_issn\">ISSN: 2191-365X<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_278\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('278','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_278\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('278','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_278\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@techreport{Hein10bc,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Lernende Klassifikation beschleunigungsbasierter 3D-Gesten des Wii-Controllers},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Kristine Hein},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Hein10b.d\/Klassifikation3D.pdf},<br \/>\r\nissn = {2191-365X},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2010},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2010-01-01},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {01-10},<br \/>\r\naddress = {Cologne University of Applied Science, Faculty of Computer Scienc and Engineering Science},<br \/>\r\ninstitution = {Research Center CIOP (Computational Intelligence, Optimization and Data Mining)},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {techreport}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('278','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_278\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"fas fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Hein10b.d\/Klassifikation3D.pdf\" title=\"http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Hein10b.d\/Klassifikation3D.p[...]\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/maanvs03.gm.fh-koeln.de\/webpub\/CIOPReports.d\/Hein10b.d\/Klassifikation3D.p[...]<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('278','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_2009\">2009<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_techreport\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Konen, Wolfgang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">How slow is slow? SFA detects signals that are slower than the driving force<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  techreport\">Forschungsbericht<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_institution\">Cologne University of Applied Sciences <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">Nr. 05\/09, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_note\">, (e-print published at http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0911.4397)<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_290\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_290\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_290\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@techreport{Kon09ab,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {How slow is slow? SFA detects signals that are slower than the driving force},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Wolfgang Konen},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0911.4397},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {05\/09},<br \/>\r\ninstitution = {Cologne University of Applied Sciences},<br \/>\r\nnote = {e-print published at http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0911.4397},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {techreport}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_290\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-arxiv\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0911.4397\" title=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0911.4397\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0911.4397<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('290','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_techreport\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\"> Konen, Wolfgang<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('291','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">On the numeric stability of the SFA implementation sfa-tk<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  techreport\">Forschungsbericht<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_institution\">Cologne University of Applied Sciences <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_number\">Nr. 05\/10, <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2009<\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_note\">, (e-print published at http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0912.1064)<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_291\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('291','tp_links')\" title=\"Zeige Links und Ressourcen\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_291\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('291','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Zeige BibTeX-Eintrag\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_291\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@techreport{Kon09bb,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {On the numeric stability of the SFA implementation sfa-tk},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Wolfgang Konen},<br \/>\r\nurl = {http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0912.1064},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2009},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2009-01-01},<br \/>\r\nnumber = {05\/10},<br \/>\r\ninstitution = {Cologne University of Applied Sciences},<br \/>\r\nnote = {e-print published at http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0912.1064},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {techreport}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('291','tp_bibtex')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_291\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-arxiv\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0912.1064\" title=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0912.1064\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0912.1064<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('291','tp_links')\">Schlie\u00dfen<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Slow Feature Analysis (SFA) Description Slow Feature Analysis (SFA) is a technique invented by\u00a0Laurenz Wiskott\u00a0which finds unsupervisedly features in complex timeseries. The guidance\u00a0principle of SFA is to find such combinations of the original inputs which vary slowly in time. The application areas of SFA range from visual pattern\u00a0recognition over general classification up to\u00a0 unsupervised driving...  <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/research\/slow-feature-analysis-sfa\/\" class=\"more-link\" title=\"Read Slow Feature Analysis (SFA)\"><?php _e(\"Read more &raquo;\",\"wpbootstrap\"); ?><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":0,"parent":27,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-354","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=354"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/354\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1950,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/354\/revisions\/1950"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.gm.fh-koeln.de\/ciop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}